Canada’s financial system remains broadly resilient despite mounting economic uncertainty, the

International Monetary Fund

(IMF) said in its latest assessment — but warned that

rising household debt

,

mortgage renewals

and gaps in cyber and pension oversight could expose vulnerabilities in the years ahead.

In its 2025 Financial System Stability Assessment (FSSA), the IMF said

Canada’s big banks

, insurers and pension funds are well-capitalized and capable of withstanding major economic shocks.

However, the report flagged growing risks tied to a wave of upcoming mortgage renewals, high household debt levels and a lack of coordination among financial regulators — including the

Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions

(OSFI), the

Bank of Canada

and provincial authorities — in responding to systemic threats such as

cyberattacks

,

housing market shocks

and climate-related disruptions.

For the banking and financial sector, the report said “total assets of financial institutions reached 756 per cent of

GDP

in 2024, increasing by 43.3 per cent since 2019.” Non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs) have become a dominant force in the sector, now accounting for 65 per cent of total assets.

Since the last IMF review in 2019, the NBFI sector has expanded significantly, with investment fund assets growing from $2.6 trillion in 2020 to $3 trillion in 2023 — roughly 110 per cent of GDP. Canada’s insurance market ranked ninth globally in terms of written premiums, according to the report.

Pension funds continue to play an outsized role, holding $2.2 trillion in assets in 2023, or about 75 per cent of GDP — one of the largest pension sectors in the

G7

.

The IMF notes that while NBFIs remained resilient, data gaps and inconsistent oversight remain concerns, particularly for large pension plans. The sector has grown in size and importance since the 2019 assessment but regulatory coordination has not kept pace.

The report said the banking sector’s Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) ratio is 13 per cent. The CET1 ratio measures a bank’s core capital relative to its risk-weighted assets, indicating its ability to absorb losses. A higher ratio signals strong financial health and compliance with global regulatory standards.

A 13 per cent CET1 ratio indicates that Canadian banks are well-capitalized — significantly above the international regulatory minimum of 4.5 per cent, and even above the commonly recommended levels of around 10

–

11 per cent. This gives them a strong buffer to absorb losses in times of economic stress.

The report raised concerns about the real estate market in Canada. “As of December 2024, approximately 60 per cent of mortgages will renew by 2026 at likely higher rates, which could increase payment burdens and delinquencies if economic conditions deteriorate,” it said.

Canada has the highest household debt-to-GDP ratio among G7 countries, a key vulnerability flagged by the IMF. While it reflects strong credit access and homeownership, it also leaves households — and the broader economy — more exposed to rising interest rates, job losses or housing market downturns.

On the positive side, the report noted Canada’s mortgage delinquency rate stood at just 0.2 per cent in December 2024 — well below historical norms — suggesting most homeowners still managed to keep up with their payments despite rising rates in the last cycle.

Under the IMF’s 2025 adverse scenario, mortgage default rates are projected to rise to 0.9 per cent for uninsured loans and 1.4 per cent for insured loans, while corporate defaults could climb from 0.5 per cent to 1.3 per cent by 2027 — posing sharper risks than anticipated in 2019.

The report also warned that broader geoeconomic tensions — global conflict, shifting trade policies, reduced labour mobility and weak financial systems — posed a high risk to Canada’s economic outlook.

Other emerging threats include cyber-attacks, climate change and a potential housing market correction. The IMF flags cyber risks as high, noting they could disrupt payment systems and undermine financial institutions’ ability to function.

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Climate-related disasters, such as wildfires and floods, carry medium-level risk, potentially triggering credit and liquidity stress. A sharp decline in home prices could drive up loan-to-value ratios, raise unemployment and curb household spending and investor confidence.